Securitization of Transnational Crime

Securitization of Transnational Crime The securitisation of transnational crime refers to contemporary efforts to curtail crime flows that take place across international borders via dissolution of the existing distinctions between external and internal security systems, placing a greater emphasis in the process upon international cooperation with regards to global policing, border controls, travel and financial flows. In this way the economic, political and strategic obstacles standing in the way of a coherent fight against transnational crime can begin to be effectively removed. It should be noted that the securitisation of transnational crime has greatly accelerated in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attacks where lax international security was perceived to have facilitated not only the hijacking of the American planes that flew into the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon but also the transference of money which made the suicide missions possible in the first place. Viewed from this perspective, it is consequently clear that the securitisation of transnational crime attempts in the first place to instil law, order and international cooperation in what Chris Dishman refers to the leaderless nexus where crime and terrorism converge. Thus, while the move towards a securitisation of transnational crime ought to be applauded we must take note of the essential paradox that exists with regards to attempts to legally solve a problem that operates wholly within the domain of the lawless. We should also take note of the way in which securitisation has become increasingly popular since 9/11 suggesting that it is in many ways a knee-jerk reaction to an unforeseen problem namely the convergence of trans-national crime and terrorism. Yet, due to the recent nature of international and regional security reforms, we should ultimately be wary of offering any definitive conclusions to policies that remain very much at an embryonic stage of development. However, although it is true that 9/11 has served to accelerate the securitisation of transnational crime (certainly as far as the collective West is concerned), it is also true that attempts to increase international cooperation in the face of rising global crime have been in existence before the spectre of trans-national terrorism became such a prominent international issue. For instance, Ralph Enmmers has charted the attempts of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and its bid to effectively securitize crime within that geopolitical locale between 1996 and 1997 with the author noting that while member states have openly declared the link between regional security and transnational crime they have hitherto fallen short of implementing bilateral actions due to ongoing resistance to institutional reforms. Thus, as is the case with the UNs Transnational Organised Crime Convention, there remains a sizeable chasm to bridge between theory and practice concerning the securi tisation of transnational crime in the contemporary era.

Management a Factor of Production and Also an Economic Resources Essay

Management can be defined in various ways. In the words of Pride et al, management is the process of coordinating the resources of the organization to achieve the primary goals of the organization. It is also defined as the organization and coordination of the activities of an enterprise in accordance with certain policies and in achievement of defined objectives. Taylor defined management as knowing exactly what men do, and the seeing that they do it in the best and cheapest way. Today, however, management is obviously a much more complex problem than the above definition portrays. Griffins(1996) defines it as the process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling an organization’s human financial, physical and information resources to achieve organizational goals in an efficient and effective manner. Management is a dynamic process of getting things done with and through the co-operative effort of others. It involves utilizing the various resources of an organization a nd combining them in such a way that the organization’s goals are attained. Effective management is crucial to an organization’s overall success. Individuals who are responsible for helping organizations achieve their goals are designated MANAGERS. A MANAGER is someone whose primary activities are of the management process. Specifically, a manager is someone who plans, organize, leads and control human, financial, and physical and information resources (Griffin 1996). In order words, he or she is responsible for allocating human and material resources and directing the operations of an organization. Thus, managers are fully responsible for the realization of results through the concerted efforts of other people. Today’s managers face complex, difficult and exciting quality of work life, increased diversity of the workplace, more social and ethical responsibilities, environmental protection and other legal requirements. They plan for the future, explore avenues of motivating employees and strive to increase their company’s overall efficie ncy, effectiveness and productivity. The managerial function is one of the approaches to understanding the dynamic and complex process called management. The managerial functions are general administrative duties that need to be carried out in virtually all productive organization. The most popular approach has been to describe what managers do, which is considered the functional view. It specifies the management process as a sequence of logical and rational steps. The manager’s functions are interrelated and are often performed simultaneously to achieve desired objectives. Fayol (1949) identified five of these functions as: planning, organization, command, coordination and control. Over the years, Fayol’s list of five managerial functions has been updated and expanded by management scholars to include decision- making, staffing, communication, leading and motivating. These functions are briefly explained as follows: a.Planning: This is a dynamic process of deciding today what actions should be taken at sometime in the future and how best to tackle them. Developing a strategy for guiding an organization to a desired posi tion at a given time in the future is referred to as STRATEGIC PLANNING. Planning helps maintain managerial effectiveness by guiding future activities b.Organizing: Once a workable plan has been established or developed, the next phase is to arrange and allocate work, authority and resources among an organization’s members in order to achieve the organization’s goals. Other basic concepts of organizing include departmentalization, chain of command, division of labour, spans of control, coordination and specialization. Proper organizing helps ensure the efficient utilization of human resources. c.Leading: The leading function involves directing, influencing and motivating employees to perform assigned tasks. Managers try to create the atmosphere and peaceful organizational climate, inspire their subordinates by serving as role models and adapt their management style to the demands of the situation. d.Decision-making: Decision making involves choosing from among alternative courses of action. It connects the organization’s present circumstances to actions that will move the organization into the future. Past expe riences plays a major role in determining the choices that managers take. e.Staffing: This is an integral part of the management process. It includes human resources planning, recruitment, selection, orientation/socialization, training and development, performance appraisal and compensation. It is believed that organizations are as good as the people in them. f.Motivating: The term motivation refers to the psychological process that gives behavior purpose and direction. Through motivation, managers try to get people to willingly channel their efforts towards the attainment of organizational goals. g.Communicating: This is the transfer of information and understanding from one individual to another by means of meaningful symbols. It is a process that requires both a sender –who initiates the process and a receiver-who completes the communication link. Managers use the communication process to carry out their functions and roles. For instance, no decision can be implemented until the managers effectively communicate it to the relevant individuals. h.Controlling: The final phase of management process. It involves the following key elements: establishing standards of performance, measuring current performance, comparing this performance to the established standards and taking corrective actions if deviations are detected. The controlling function helps keep the organization on track. Having discussed and defined management and its functions, we look at management as a factor of production. Production is the action of manufacturing, growing, extracting things especially in large quantities. In economics, production means creation or an addition of utility. While factors of production means inputs and finished goods means output. Output depends upon input. Input is the starting point and output is the end point of the production process. The input – output relationship is called production function. Factors of production (or productive inputs or resources) are any commodities or service used to produce goods and services. Factors of production may also refer specifically to the primary factors which are including land, labour (the ability to work) and capital goods applied to production. The primary factors facilitate production but neither become part of the product (as with raw materials) nor become significantly transformed by the production process (as fuel used to power machinery). The requirements or rather the factors of production are usually classified as the following: a.Land: Land is the natural resources available for production. It includes the natural resources within the land such as mineral deposits like coal and iron-ore. Some nations are endowed with natural resources and exploit this by specializing in extraction and production of these resources. For example: the development of the North Sea oil and gas. This is an important factor of production as modern factories extend on one level and require space for storage and parking. The returns or payments to land are called RENT. Land is not only the site of production but also natural above or below the soil. b.Labour: This is the human effort, whether manual or mental that contributes to production. This also includes all human resources; it may be skilled, semi-skilled or unskilled. Local labour markets vary in size and nature of the pool of labour. Cheap, unskilled and semi-skilled labour may be an important location factor for multinational companies while skilled labour is significant in high technology industries. For example, most products are manufactured in China because they offer cheap labour. Industries may be capital-or-labour intensive. Not all labour is of the same quality. Some workers are more productive than others because of the education, training and experience they have received. The reward or payments for labour is called WAGES. c.Capital: To an economist, capital has several meanings – including the finance raised to operate a business. But normally the term capital means investment in goods that can produce other goods in the future. This is also denoted as machinery or tools which are used in combination with labour for the purpose of making goods. It covers all man- made aids to future production. There can be fixed or circulating capital. The former relates to goods such as buildings or machinery while the latter refers to the stock of goods a firm has ready for use in the future, raw materials and components. Capital is the only factor of production which itself is created in the production process. Increases to the capital stock of a nation are called investment. Investment is important if the economy is to achieve economic growth in the long run. INTEREST is the returns for capital. d. Entrepreneurship: This is sometimes referred to as Management. Entrepreneurs are people who organize other productive resources to make goods and services. Some economists regard entrepreneurs as a specialist form of labour input. Others believe that they deserve recognition as a separate factor of production in their own right. The success or failure of a business often depends critically on the quality of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship can also be referred to as the managerial, innovative and risk taking qualities which an individual displays when combining the other factors of production in order to generate output. Management skills are a vital factor of labour and production under the heading of entrepreneurship. Management is often included as a factor of production along with machines, materials and money. According to the management guru Peter Drucker (1909 – 2005), the basic task of management is of two folds: marketing and innovation. Innovation in the sense of creation of new products, ideas or services and marketing in the sense that management not only combines the available resources and other factors of production in the most suitable techniques of production in order to produce goods and services but it also ensures that these goods and services get to their final consumers in a perfect shape thereby maximizing profit which is the returns for entrepreneurship. Quite often the term management is used to refer to both the persons who occupy managerial positions as well as activities which managers perform. Management as a discipline consist of the interlocking of functions of formulating corporate policy and organizing, planning, controlling and directing an organization’s resources to achieve the policy’s objectives. Management can be said to be the chief or main factor of production because it controls and directs the other factors of production through various ways: land- it is management that decides the best and most suitable site for production and it also knows and organizes for the expansion of the industry’s production site if need be. Management also sources for capital or funds to run a business, it also sources for raw materials and machines needed for the effective production of goods and services. Management also influences the human behavior which is essential factor of production. Every worker is individually different from the other workers as regards to his ability, knowledge, skills, socio-economic status, attitudes and ideologies. Management is concerned with the integration of individual efforts and how to decentralize them towards achieving the desired goal or result. Most workers tend to perform better when they are being supervised; this supervision is also carried out by management or manager. Finally, having enumerated the role of management in the production process, you will strongly believe the assertion that management is a factor of production and also plays a vital role in an organization. In fact, without management, there will be no production and organization. Management is the chief head of all the factors of production because it is the only factor that assembles and integrates the other factors of production MANAGEMENT AS AN ECONOMIC RESOURCE Economic resources can be defined as the commodities that include goods, services, properties, merchandises and supplies that produce and generate income in the country. These are the assets (things of value) which an economy or business may have available to supply and produce goods and services to meet the ever changing needs and wants of individuals (as in the case of business) and society (in the case of society as a whole) Economic resources are scarce relative to the infinite needs and wants of people and businesses operating in the economy. It is important to use these resources efficiently in order to maximize the output that can be produced from them. According to an economist, management is one of the factors of production, the other factors of production being land, labour, and capital. In a small enterprise, the owner may act as the manager. But in large corporations, there is a divorce between ownership and management. Management is the most active factor of production b ecause it assembles the other factors. The efficient use of land and capital depends upon labour which is in turn governed by management. Management coordinates the other Ms (manpower, methods, markets, materials, machinery and money) of an organization and therefore, it occupies a unique place among the productive factors as can be seen. The efficiency of management factor can be improved through training and development of executives. The importance of management increases with the tempo of industrialization. The economic and social development of mankind since the 2nd world war has occurred as a result of systematic and purposeful work on developing managers. The directors and managers have the power and responsibility to make decisions to manage enterprise. The size of management can range from one person in a small organization to hundreds or thousands of managers in multinational companies. In large organizations, the board of directors formulates the policy which is then implemented by the chief executive officers. Some business analyst and financiers accord the highest importance to the quality and experience of the managers in evaluating an organizations current and future worth. As an economic factor of resources, management makes a productive enterprise out of physical and human resources. Efficient management is the most important input in the success of an organization. The inputs of manpower, materials, machinery and money do not by themselves ensure growth; they become productive through the catalyst of management. Finally, having defined management and discussed management and also economic resources, it is obvious that management is a multipurpose organ that manages a business and manages managers and manages worker and work. Without management, there will be no organization and vice versa. Entrepreneur should ensure that the management team in their organization is effective and efficient in carrying out their duties as managers. The entrepreneur can also engage the management team in on the job training, seminars and other forms of training in order to improve their knowledge and at the long run improve the company productivity. The success and failure of a business often depends on the quality of the management team.

The Advantages of Ets Issue Essay Rubric Samples

The Advantages of Ets Issue Essay Rubric Samples To really turn into a better self-grader, or to even develop into a better grader for somebody else, you want to become more familiarized with the specific grading requirements of ETS. Usually, it's written for application and ought to answer several significant questions. The issue may be a scarcity of superior time to do your college essay because of academic workload or maybe you are in possession of a part-time job which should be attended to on a daily basis. It's also utilized as a matrix for evaluation. Each cell of the rubric describes a particular element of writing at a particular level. Stop by our evaluation section and enroll today. Ets Issue Essay Rubric Samples at a Glance In terms of essay rubric, it's a set of rules or instructions about how to compose an essay in an appropriate way. The essay ought to be structured for the readers to stick to the most important idea from the very beginning to the end. At exactly the same time, an argumentative essay rubric is forecast to assess the caliber of the argumentation and how the author integrates facts into the text. There are a few commonalities across each one of the essay prompts on the GRE Argument pool page, even past the fact that each task asks you to examine some type of argument and analyze it. It ought to be taken into consideration that the fundamental high school essay is often written in five paragraphs. Student 1A is an instance of utilizing logic to support her or his argument. Research paper rubric requires resorting to the use of many measures to find a thriving paper. The New Fuss About Ets Issue Essay Rubric Samples Conclusion doesn't summarize main points. As soon as it's extremely important to make certain your essay has a very clear standpoint, strong vital reasoning, and support for your position, that's not sufficient to secure you a top score. Among the secrets of how to compose a terrific essay is to pay lots of attention to your introduction. For example, a lot of the success of your essay depends upon how well you're able to grab the reader's attention right in the beginning of the paper in order for the reader can't help but need to have through the remaining part of the essay. Now you own a feeling of your writing score. Perhaps you are reluctant to find help because you were once conned by means of a scam on-line help. Ets Issue Essay Rubric Samples Options As a result, if you're speaking about essay rubric it means you want to tell a writer what an essay should consist of or to put it differently, what the elements of an essay are. Although your facts do need to be correct, you receive a bit more leeway with your interpretations of the means by which the author's persuasive techniques might impact the audience. If you ask a seasoned essay writer how to write an argumentative essay, he will most likely say th at one of the most essential things is that each example needs context, even the ones which are well known and seemingly require no explanation. There's a lengthy discussion and several examples of rubrics. Ets Issue Essay Rubric Samples Secrets That No One Else Knows About The disadvantage of holistic rubrics is they do not offer comprehensive feedback and make a more subjective grade. They are a fast and easy way to assess students' work. It's also a fact that college grads are not as likely to be unemployed. Please see the program syllabus for a more comprehensive breakdown of the grading policy. The Unexposed Secret of Ets Issue Essay Rubric Samples 1 aspect where the capability of humans may initially be regarded as an instance of deteriorating minds is using net and mobile phones. Some people think that so as to thrive, a society must put its very own general success before the well-being of its unique citizens. Essentially, you're taking a position on a complicated issue. Often examples can be interpreted in lots of various ways, and it's your job as an author to spell out how exactly your example is linked to the remainder of the job. The usage of language, while not the most influential portion of the essay, does have an impact on the total score. If you don't know a great deal of the phrases and questions above, you'll have lots of practice and learning how to do. It's possible to then practice replicating successful connections between ideas in your practice essays. Good style is considerably more elusive.

Letters from an American Farmer Essay - 1211 Words

We Are America America — a land known for its ideals of freedom and new opportunities, a nation built under the idea that every man and women is created equal. However, the definition of what makes a person an American is entirely different from what it is that makes up America, itself. J.Hector St. John Crevecoeur, author of Letters from an American Farmer (1782), exposes what he believes makes an American. However, when compared to the standards of what makes an American in today’s world, it seems that becoming an American then was much simpler then, than it is today. The definition of an American is always evolving due to the influences of our changing nation. During a simpler time, Crevecoeur defined an American as someone of European†¦show more content†¦They were open to American ideals, such as freedom of religion and freedom of speech. America welcomed anyone who would work hard to achieve their dreams and strive for their goals. Compared to the 18th century, people who enter the United States, today, are also looking to start anew; and are looking to work hard for their rights. America still believes in freedom and in being the land of opportunities even though time has changed some of America’s original ideals. Nowadays, becoming an American is not as simple as entering America and obtaining land. For example, there is the process of applying for citizenship, something that has now become a big part of defining an American. Hundreds of thousands of people per year apply for citizenship, yet not many people are granted the opportunity to become one. Anonymous shared their story online and said, â€Å"I never once thought immigration would affect me, until I realized that laws change and if you are just a resident here...you have no protection† (Defining American). Immigrants feel citizens have more rights than people who are just residents. An immigrant wanting to become a citizen must go through a variety of questions about the United States and what its founders had set as its ideals. Though, with patience, an immigrant can become an American within aShow MoreRelatedLetters From An American Farmer866 Words   |  4 PagesPrimary sources like letters, drawings, engravings and other original documents play a great role in learning and understanding history. Sometimes such document can tell us about the past even more than a history textbook, because it has direct relation to the past and connected with the historical period by the author’s personal feelings, thoughts and memories about the past. In 1782 a French writer Hector St. John de Crevecoeur published â€Å"Letters from an American Farmer†, where he put the beginningRead MoreAnalysis Of Letters From An American Farmer991 Words   |  4 Pagesan American? In todays day and age, the general perception of an American is to be free, free to practice any religion, free to speak your mind, free in general. However, America has only been abl e to be perceived as a promised land due to the obstacles and barriers that have been challenged by early Americans. From having to accept others religious beliefs to the abolishment of slavery. A good example is J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur’s Letters from an American Farmer (1782). Letters from anRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Letters From An American Farmers 1565 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature has a tendency to draw from ones’ surroundings to tell a story or make a statement. Authors use their observation skills to make pieces of work great. The idea that literature reflects society is an idea that can trace back many years. In Crevecoeur’s Letters from an American Farmers, James the farmers is on an exhibition through the American colonies. 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